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Background: Obesity and thyroid dysfunction are two most common clinical conditions that have been linked together closely in adult. The link has become more relevant in the context of an unprecedented rise in the prevalence of obesity worldwide. Obesity is normally observed by patients as being secondary dysfunction on serum levels of thyroid hormones. Objective: The Purpose of this study to assess serum thyroid hormones levels (fT3, fT4, TSH) variation in patients with obesity and normal thyroid function among Indian adults and to correlate serum levels of thyroid hormones with their classes of Body Mass Index (BMI).Methods: Authors performed a retrospective study of adult patients who were examined and analyzed serum levels of thyroid hormones at authors centre between February 2018 to November 2019.Results: A total of 231 adult patients were included. 122(52.8%) were males, mean age was 35.4±10.4 and mean BMI 34.2±5.8 respectively. Obesity was found higher in female 58(53.2%) than male 37(30.3%) participants (p<0.001), respectively. The mean TSH serum levels were significantly increased with increased BMI (2.04±1.19,2.51±1.22 and 3.39±1.19; p=<0.001). No association was found of serum fT4 (p=0.227) and serum fT3 (p=0.063) with BMI.Conclusions: Mean TSH serum levels showed a significantly increased with increased BMI. BMI was negatively associated with serum fT4 but had no association with serum fT3.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus, a leading cause of death worldwide, is the most common endocrine disorder. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and Thyroid Dysfunction (TD) often present together and complicate each other at many levels. Recent studies find out the prevalence of TD in T2D in Malwa Region. Objective of the purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of TD in patients with T2D.Methods: A match cross-sectional study design was conducted at Department of Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College, from March 2018 to April 2019. Source populations were all patients who live in Malwa Region, Indore. A total of 150 cases were enrolled in this study, 75 cases (TD in T2D) and 75 controls were taken into study.Results: There was no significant difference in age and body mass index (BMI) between groups. The average duration of diabetes was 7.76±5.57 years and mean Hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) was 8.17±1.66%. Only 29(38.6%) of patients had HbA1c below 7%. There was significant difference (p=0.001) in HbA1c. Prevalence of TD in T2D was significantly more in females. Out of TD in T2D patients, sub-clinical hypothyroid was present in 14.6% hypothyroidism was present in 8% patients and sub-clinical hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism was present in 1.3% patients.Conclusions: This study reveals about one in four people living with T2D are suffering from TD in Malwa Region. TD is common in T2D patients and can produce significant metabolic disturbances.
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Background: Magnesium deficiency is a common problem in diabetic patients. Magnesium deficiency may increase the incidence of Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) and occurrence complications. Objective of this study aimed at determining the differences in serum magnesium levels and lipid profile among patients newly diagnosed with T2D and normoglycemic individuals.Methods: The cross sectional observation study design was conducted at Sri Aurobindo Medical College, from March 2018 to April 2019. Source populations were all patients who attending to the OPD, Department of General Medicine. A total of 75 patients were enrolled in this study. This study was divided in two group’s cases group (T2D) and second control group (Non-diabetic). First group not initiated on any oral-hypoglycaemic, anti-hypertensive or lipid lowering drugs, and healthy patients were included in control group.Results: Triglycerides (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) showed significantly (p<0.001) higher mean levels in T2D compared to the controls. The Magnesium and High-Density Lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly (p<0.001) lower among the T2D group compared to the control group. There was a significant inverse correlation (r2= 0.567, p<0.001) between Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels and serum magnesium.Conclusions: Serum magnesium levels and lipid profile were significantly different in T2D patients compared to control group.
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Background: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) with microalbuminuria have increased risk of progression to overt proteinuria, and after some time, renal failure. It is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease as a sequalae of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and an independent risk factor for Cardio-Vascular Diseases (CVD). Initial finding for microalbuminuria can prevent long-term complications. The objective of the present investigation was to study the relation between microalbuminuria and with other biochemical parameters related to complications of T2D.Methods: This observational study was conducted among 150 T2D patients attending to the OPD, Department of General Medicine during the time period March 2018 to April 2019. The patients were interviewed for socio-demographic details, history and clinical examination and subjected to blood investigations and Electrocardiogram (ECG).Results: Microalbuminuria was present in 47(31.3%) of the diabetics. The age group 48-63 years 18(38.3%), male gender 33(70.2%) duration of diabetes >5 years 11(23.4%). The smokers, Diabetic Retinopathy, Peripheral Neuropathy, Ischemic Heart Disease, SBP 160-170 mmHg, DBP 95-100 mmHg and 100-105 mmHg, BMI 30-35 Kg/m2, TG >250 mg/dl, LDL >110 mg/ dl and HbA1c 7.5-9 % showed a greater odds ratio and significant association (p<0.001) with microalbuminuria.Conclusions: There was an increased prevalence of microalbuminuria among patients with T2D. It also showed a significant association of major microvascular and macrovascular complications of T2D and microalbuminuria
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Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide, information on Indian populations regarding the CKD patients with T2D is lacking. In this study, we examined the association of gender and age on the prevalence of other complications in CKD with T2D patients.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sri Aurobindo Medical College, from March 2018 to April 2019. Source populations were all patients who came our medicine department for routine check-up.Results: A total of 163 CKD patients were included in the study. All the patients were randomly divided in two groups 61(37.4%) patients in CKD with T2D case group and 102 (62.5%) patients in CKD control group. Out of this 107 were males (65.6%) and 56 were females (34.3%). Male-to-female ratio and mean age were higher in the CKD with T2D group. The clinicopathological characteristics of CKD patients with T2D are even more complicated and severe disease in many ways.Conclusions: A male presents was higher as compare to female in CKD with T2D and control group. In present study there is significant difference in older and younger age in CKD with T2D and control group. Age, HNT, CVD, smoking, BMI, and 24-h urinary protein level were identified as possible contributors’ factors of CKD patients with T2D
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Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is an important reproductive health issue, affecting 2%–5% of couples. Research into why miscarriage happens is the only way we can save lives and prevent future loss. In this study we estimate the percentage of babies who survived beyond the neonatal period in a RPL clinic and to identify associated factors.Methods: A retrospective cohort study including 128 women seen at a clinic for RPL in loss group between 2016 and 2018 and a control group including 180 pregnant women seen at a low-risk prenatal care unit. Reproductive success rate was defined as an alive-birth, independent of gestational age at birth and survival after the neonatal period. All the date was statically reviewed and analyzed.Results: Out of 115 who conceived, 105 (91.3%) had reproductive success rate. There were more full-term pregnancies in the control than in the loss group (155/180; 89.6% versus 67/115; 58.3%; p<0.01). The prenatal visits number was satisfactory for 97(84.3%) women in the loss group and 112(62.2%) in the control (p<0.01). In this, the beginning of prenatal care was earlier (13.5 ±4.3versus 18.3±6.1weeks). During pregnancy, the loss group women increased the weight more than those in the control group (57.4% versus 47.8% p=0.01). Although cervix cerclage was performed in 41/115 (35.7%) women in the loss group, the pregnancy duration mean was smaller (34.6±5.1 weeks versus 38.2±2.5 weeks; p<0.01) than in the control group. Due to gestational complications, cesarean delivery predominated in the loss group (71/115; 61.7%versus 69/180; 38.3%, p<0.01).Conclusions: A very good reproductive success rate can be attributed to greater availability of healthcare services to receive pregnant women, through prenatal visits scheduled or not, cervical cerclage performed on time and available hospital care for the mother and newborn.
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Background: Fixed drug eruption is a common cutaneous adverse drug reaction which is characterised by sharply demarcated skin lesions with recurrences at the same site with each subsequent exposure to the culprit drug. The causative drugs for fixed drug eruption (FDE) in any population changes depend on many factors. The knowledge of peculiar clinical features of FDE helps the treating physician to recognise at early stage and avoidance of mismanagement of such cases. Material and method:In this context, we did a descriptive-analytical study of patients who were diagnosed with FDE in single center between Feb 2013 to Sep 2017 from central India. Results: Ninety seven patients who developed FDE were studied in the study with 65% males and 35% females. Mean age at presentation in males and females were 34.95±16.90 and 37.12±12.98 years, respectively. Multiple lesions were present in 80.4% of patients. Seventy four percent of patients gave the history of prior episodes. In 68% patients, symptoms started and lesions developed within <24 hours of the drug exposure. Mucosal lesions were seen in 46.4% and skin lesions (non-mucosal) were seen in 36.1% and in rest 17.5% patients both mucosal and skin lesions were present. Antibiotics and NSAIDS were the most common group of medications to cause FDE. Thirty two percent of patients were caused by Fixed Dose Combinations of antibiotics and anti-protozoals. Conclusion: In conclusion, FDE is a common acute cutaneous drug eruption that if not diagnosed timely leads not only to recurrences but also causes apprehension and morbidity.